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List of Nobel laureates
The Nobel Prizes ((スウェーデン語:Nobelpriset), (ノルウェー語:Nobelprisen)) are prizes awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Nobel Foundation )〕 They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributions to the field of economics. Each recipient, or "laureate", receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money, which is decided by the Nobel Foundation, yearly.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Nobel Prize )〕
==Prize==
Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Nobel Foundation )〕 Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.〔 In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=List of All Nobel Laureates 1942 )〕 The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II.
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